Personification of Oppression in Charlotte Brontes Jane...

Personification of Oppression in Jane Eyre At first glance and under insufficient scrutiny, the persona of Jane Eyre reflects a slightly expanded Cinderella character. But Jane Eyres personality and life delve much deeper than a superfluous rags to riches story. Her identity is as complex as literature can convey and her characteristics are manifested through several subtle parallels. These parallels relate to objects and nature, but mostly to one particular individual in the novel. A seemingly exact opposite of the personas placid character, the maniacal Bertha Mason actually personifies an inner part of Jane, the part of her personality that longs to live free but goes crazy under the oppression of society, and especially†¦show more content†¦Bertha is locked as tightly in her secluded room as Jane is locked into her subordinate life, and even in the literal prison of the red room. Society perceives these two characters, and in fact the characters perceive themselves, in a similar way. Both are unwanted and unnoticed, and certainly neither fits into her environment. Jane notices: I was a discord in Gateshead Hall; I was like nobody there; I had nothing in harmony with Mrs. Reed or her children, or her chosen vassalage (47). She feels the same way in the company of the guests of Thornfield Hall, who Jane views as too far above her both in elegance and in caste to notice a plain orphan girl: everyone downstairs was too much engaged to think of us (197). Likewise, Bertha has nothing in common with the people around her, and all who know of her regard her as a madwoman (328), a mysterious lunatic kept under watch and ward (320). Mr. Rochester wants nothing to do with Bertha, who he claims he was cheated into espousing (320). Clearly, both of these female characters feel very unwanted at some point in their lives, if not throughout. Brontà « uses very similar images and language to portray Jane Eyre and Bertha Mason. She frequently refers to both as animals, especially dogs. While Janes subdued character likens herself to a masterless and stray dog (363), others refer to her as a bad animal (41) orShow MoreRelatedFunhouse Mirrors: Jane Eyre and Bertha Mason Essay1717 Words   |  7 PagesTim Bartlett ENG 396 March 23, 2011 Funhouse Mirrors: Jane Eyre and Bertha Mason â€Å"Jane Eyre† is a book centred around female duality. In a time when females were still expected to fulfill their â€Å"womanly duties,† Charlotte Bronte wrote a novel dealing with a woman’s view on morality sexuality, passion sensibility, and conformity insanity, among other themes. This motif of duality plays a strong part in the dynamism that makes up the book, and is not limited to the themes, but is also usedRead More A Comparison of the Ideals of Bronte in Jane Eyre and Voltaire in Candide2672 Words   |  11 PagesThe Ideals of Bronte in Jane Eyre and Voltaire in Candide      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Subjective novelists tend to use personal attitudes to shape their characters. Whether it be an interjection of opinion here, or an allusion to personal experience there, the beauty of a story lies in the clever disclosure of the authors personality. Charlotte Bronte and Voltaire are no exceptions. Their most notable leading characters, Jane Eyre and Candide, represent direct expressions of the respective authors emotions andRead MoreA Dialogue of Self and Soul11424 Words   |  46 Pagesto women, though it refers brieï ¬â€šy to the ambiguous class position of governesses such as Jane Eyre. The authors analyse the intertwined processes of female rebellion and repression in the narrative and highlight in particular the reading of Bertha Mason, the mad wife, as the symbol of Jane’s repressed passion. This was later to become an accepted interpretation of Bertha. In relating the novel to Charlotte Brontà « the writer, they see the text as ultimately half-optimistic for women’s future in

Creating a Solution Essay - 1702 Words

Many people for a long time have thought of fast food restaurants as a place of gathering and convenience; as a result, fast food industries became a popular thing for people who were on the go and needed a full meal with a low price. This has caused many industries to understand its costumers and eventually led the way towards focusing specifically on making their restaurants more family orientated to gain exponential profits from not only the people on the go, but every type of costumer. The fast-food industries have became, so aware of what people want they practically profit from knowing how people think. These industries did not become so familiar with its consumers over night; these people have spent their whole business careers†¦show more content†¦Although, Kroc did not succeed in a restaurant of fresh food he was brilliant enough to understand the importance of a restaurant when it came to business. In the article, â€Å"Your Trusted Friends†, Eric Schlosser writes on how Kroc, â€Å"†¦picked the right moment† to begin targeting children and their families (Schlosser186). Kroc was so good at picking times, that at the occurrence of the baby boom, â€Å"Kroc wanted to create a safe, clean, all-American place for kids. The McDonald’s franchise agreement required every new restaurant to fly the Stars and Stripes. Kroc understood that how he sold food was just as important as how the food tasted† (186). Kroc’s brilliance to understand when he needed to get out of the old business he used to run and change everything about his restaurant to adapt to the changing times really made him a contender of the fast-food industries across the United States at the time. And of course many other competitors also saw these opportunities in time to also approach the costumers who would appeal more to the convenience and family oriented restaurants. People are always looking for ways to live a healthy life style, and much of the food people consume at restaurants are unfortunately not labeled with nutrition facts or even where the products came from. People are unable to gain this type of information that are necessary for their health, which have ultimately caused people to wonder â€Å"Why do I feel sick?† orShow MoreRelatedStrategies For Creating A Solution1235 Words   |  5 PagesWith the criteria in mind, it is now time for the group to form a solution. During this step, the group comes up with anything they can think of to solve to problem. Anything is out on the table, this is a step to broaden ideas, not narrow them down. Each group employed a very similar strategy in this step. They practically advanced by coming up with around seven ideas, and most of them ended up in the final solution in some way. Neither group came up with a long list of wild ideas, as brainstormingRead MoreCreating Solutions Of Standard C1797 Words   |  8 PagesCreating Solutions of Standard Molarity Krishnaben Patel Katherine Asibal CHEM 1251L-027 10-1-2014 Introduction: In this experiment, a series of ã€â€"Cuã€â€"^(2+) solutions of different concentrations were prepared using the dilution technique. The principles of spectroscopy of and appropriate usage of Spec 20 was taught. The spectrophotometer instrument was used to measure the amount of light that passes through a solution. Beer-Lambert law was applied to determine the concentration of ã€â€"Cuã€â€"^(2+) in an unknownRead MorePublic Policy And Creating Solutions For Improvement Essay4614 Words   |  19 Pages Examining Public Policy and Creating Solutions for Improvement Reflections on Public Policy The chosen public policy issue is the ongoing effort within nursing to advance the field through taking action. In this case, action takes four distinct activities: advocacy, policy, learning as a lifelong process and involvement in philanthropy. This action can be applied through community-based participatory research which is a research partnership seeking the involvement of all members ofRead MoreThe New Data Center Operating System Essay975 Words   |  4 Pagesmarket demands. One such change is creating a converged private cloud infrastructure, a culmination of several IT infrastructure trends, all of which provide value for today’s enterprise data center. Stratoscale provides a unique software only solution to creating private clouds using convergence -- facilitating scale-out, simplifying operations and enabling IT infrastructure to keep up with business growth demands. A converged private cloud infrastructure is the solution to manage costly and complex,Read MoreFiguring Out Fertilizers : Creating A Practical Chemical Fertilizer Essay1604 Words   |  7 PagesFiguring out Fertilizers: Creating a Practical Chemical Fertilizer Author: Michaela Buchanan Group Members: Grant Kresge, Kirk Martinson Abstract: The goal of this experiment was to create an aqueous chemical fertilizer with the mass composition of 0.80% nitrogen, 0.50% phosphorous, 0.10% potassium, and 0.20% sulfur4 and a pH between 6.0 and 7.0. The criterion of mass percent composition was addressed by conducting molarity, stoichiometry, and unit conversion calculations to determine the mass ofRead MoreEvaluation Of The Instructional Solution1589 Words   |  7 PagesTechnology Brad Lampton Lessons Learned Overview of Practicum Project Creating this training project really was a great lesson learned for me. The steps that I took to create my capstone project was to first design, delivery, and evaluation of an instructional package. The steps in the project broadly consisted of: †¢ Project Proposal †¢ Design Document †¢ Instructional Solution †¢ Evaluation of the Instructional Solution †¢ Weekly Reflections Throughout the creation of the MS Office 2013Read MoreDirect Marketing Communication Plan for Market Solutions1702 Words   |  7 PagesDirect Marketing Communication Plan for Marketing Solutions 14. INFORMATION NEEDS Target Markets At the center of any effective marketing strategy is the ability to define what makes a service unique and highly valuable to a given target market. When selling services, which are inherently intangible, the need exists for creating value quickly and with many forms of tangible proof of expertise sold. When selling information services the need to generate trust and a strong sense of value has toRead MoreApple in 2013: How to Sustain a Competitive Advantage1363 Words   |  6 Pagesnew emerging markets. Apple is also challenged with coming up with not only short term solutions but creating new long term solutions to bring back the favorable growth they had received previously. Tim cook, CEO, will need to evaluate these challenges and make applicable changes to foster new sustainable growth at Apple. Solution #1 The first solution would be to beat Samsung in the smartphone race by creating the best spec’d phone of all time. Apple needs to stop following Samsung. As new IphonesRead MoreThe Components Of Information Technology1112 Words   |  5 Pages Information Technology (IT) is a service industry providing solutions to the organizations by managing and applying technology. Information technology, a sub discipline of computer science is enormously dynamic. The main goal of IT is to serve people by solving their problems efficiently and fulfilling the requirements. The three core components of Information Technology are hardware, software and people. People use hardware and software to store, retrieve, secure and transform information. Read MoreCyberbullying : What Teachers And Schools Can Do From The Scholastic Inc.1140 Words   |  5 Pagesto cyberbullying, the person sitting next to you at this very moment could be one of those victims. Establish credibility: I have done hours of research on cyberbullying and solutions for cyberbullying. Transition: First I will inform you about cyberbullying, second about possible solutions and lastly about an ideal solution for cyberbullying Body I. Stop Cyberbullying’s article Cyberbullying from the U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services in 2013, informs their audience about the newest form of

Fiscal Federalism in Nigeria free essay sample

The question of an acceptable formula for revenue sharing among the component tiers of the Nigerian nation is one of the most protracted and controversial debates in the political and macroeconomic management of the economy. This debate has its foundations in the history and evolution of the Nigerian federation. â€Å"Revenue allocation or the statutory distribution of revenue from the Federation Account among the different levels of government has been one of the most contentious and controversial issues in the nation’s political life. So contentious has the matter been that none of the formulae evolved at various times by a commission or by decree under different regimes since 1964 has gained general acceptability among the component units of the country. Indeed, the issue, like a recurring decimal, has painfully remained the first problem that nearly every incoming regime has had to grapple with since independence. In the process, as many as thirteen different attempts have been made in devising an acceptable revenue allocation formula, each of which is more remembered for the controversies it generated than issues settled† Fiscal federalism refers to the scope and structure of the tiers of government responsibilities and functions as well as the allocation of resources among the tiers of government. We will write a custom essay sample on Fiscal Federalism in Nigeria or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Perhaps the most important issue of fiscal federalism is the revenue allocation formula, the sharing of national revenue among the various tiers of government (vertical revenue sharing) as well as the distribution of revenue among the state governments (that is, horizontal revenue allocation). The centralization of Nigeria’s fiscal federalism began with the report of the Dina Commission (1968) which argued that an appropriate revenue allocation system should result in a more equitable distribution of revenue among the states to achieve a balanced development of the federation. Revenue allocation can be described as a method(s) of sharing the centrally generated revenue among the different tiers of government and how the amount allocated to a particular tier is shared among its components. Nigeria is a federal state – under the federal system of government, federation or centrally-generated revenue is shared among the three levels of government, namely; the federal government, the states and the local governments. The theory of revenue sharing in a federal state is that each level of government receives an allocation of financial resources tailored to their specific requirements as defined by the mandate of legislative competence, their actual situation and the statutory indices of calculation. In Nigeria, decisions as to what proportion of centrally-generated revenue that would be retained by the federal government, the proportion that will be shared among the state governments and the proportion that will go to the local government has always been a problem, due to the fact that there is no consensus of opinion as to what could be seen as an ideal formula. The principles that guide the implementation of intergovernmental fiscal relations include: (a) The Principle of Diversity: The federal system must have the ability to accommodate a large variety of diversities. Hence, the fiscal system must provide scope for variety and differences to supply national, regional and local public goods. (b) The Principle of Equivalence: Based on the geographical incidence of different public goods, allocative efficiency requires the equalization of locational advantages arising from inter-jurisdictional differences with a combination of taxes and public goods and services. This requires the use of fiscal instruments for achieving macroeconomic objectives of growth, stabilization and full employment by residents of different geopolitical units; this requirement controls for what is often referred to as â€Å"central city exploitation thesis†. (d) Minimum Provision of Essential Goods and Services: This ensures that fiscal federalism guarantees all citizens, irrespective of where they reside, the minimum provision of ertain basic public goods and services. (e) Principle of Fiscal Equalization: In order to ensure a minimum level of public goods and services same degree of fiscal equalization is required. This is as a result of differences in resource endowment. (f) The Efficiency Principle: This principle implies that efficiency must be applied in the allocation of resources (g) The Principle of Derivation: The component units of a system should be able to control some of its own resources as they desire. h) The Principle of Locational Neutrality: Interregional fiscal differences tend to influence location choices of individuals and firms. Therefore, policy should focus on minimizing distortions due to some interference. Hence, differential taxes which create locational distortions should be avoided as much as practicable. (i) The Principle of Centralized Redistribution: This principle states that the redistribution function of fiscal policy through progressive taxation and expenditure programmes should be centralized at the federal level. That is, if the redistributive function is decentralized, it can result in distortions in location decisions. It should be noted that the above principles are not mutually consistent. There are several challenges and contending issues confronting intergovernmental fiscal relations in Nigeria: 1) Non – Correspondence Problem Ideally, each level of government should be given adequate resources to allow it discharge its responsibilities. Because this is not possible, there is usually a lack of correspondence between the spending responsibilities and the tax powers/revenue sources assigned to different levels of government. It is this incongruence that is often referred to as the non-correspondence problem. In Nigeria, most of the major sources of revenue come under the jurisdiction of the federal government yet lower levels of government are supposed to generate internal revenue. There is, therefore, the need to resolve the imbalance between assigned functions and tax powers. The issues concerning fiscal relations among the constituent units of the Nigerian federation that remain mostly unresolved are the divergence between assigned functions and tax powers, principle of horizontal and vertical revenue allocation, dependence of states and local governments on federal sources of funding, tendency towards concentration and federal presence in the states (Fadahunsi, 1998). The five principles currently applied in the horizontal revenue allocation formula are far from acceptable to all the stakeholders. 2) Fiscal Autonomy and Independence The issue of relative fiscal autonomy and independence of the state and local governments in a true federal structure goes with the corollary issue of the correspondence of governmental functions and revenue sources. Since the creation of the twelve-state structure in 1967, states and local governments have been excessively dependent on the Federation Account. This independence must be reduced if the federating units are to be free to pursue their own development goals without being hampered by the unpredictable fluctuations in their shares of the Federation Account. It is important that revenue sources should be reallocated and made compatible with the fluctuations stated for each tier of government to enhance steady and proper funding of administrative and developmental activities instead of the often experienced unexpected financial constrictions at the two lower tiers of government. 3) Oil Producing States, Oil Producing Local Government Administrative Areas or Communities Professor Omo Omoruyi in his treatise â€Å"the Politics of Oil: who owns the oil, Nigeria, states or communities† (2000) raised three salient questions on true ownership of oil in Nigeria. The question of local control over local resources is an established constitutional principle in federal systems. But the way the Nigerian federal system developed under the external colonial order (1954-60) and continued under the period of geo-ethno-military internal colonial order (1960-1999) and in the democratic dispensation between 1999 to date is yet an unresolved contending issues in the discourse about Nigeria’s federalism. He challenged the â€Å"Tripod† approach to Nigeria’s problem where the three major ethnic nationalities decide the content and the trend of national issues. This tripod approach to Nigerian politics, should have been done away with by now, with the introduction of the notion of ‘federal character’, which takes states in the federation as the units of representation. The tripod approach to Nigerian politics applies to how the oil, which comes from the non-majority areas, is approached in the political and economic discourse. We should also be aware of the feeling among the majority ethnic nationalities that the areas producing oil by virtue of powerlessness in the military and politics should not be allowed to lay claim to the oil from their areas as of right†. However, theres a distinction between oil producing communities and oil producing states. This is the basis of the activities of the Traditional Rulers of the Producing Communities who are dealing with the President and want the money due to states on the basis of the 13% derivation in the Constitution should be paid to the â€Å"oil producing communities/local government areas†. The Traditional Rulers’ argument is that â€Å"communities† own oil and not â€Å"states†. This is an unresolved issue and separates the communities in riverside areas directly affected by oil spillages from their compatriots in landed areas from enjoying the full benefits of allocations to producing states. One does not know the end of this argument. How should the National Assembly address this matter? The federal government should find a way of making the oil producing local government administrative areas as shareholders in the joint venture arrangements with the oil companies, thus making them stakeholders in the oil industry. There was the issue of who should be spending the oil money. Should it be the Nigerian government in conjunction with the oil producing areas? Should it be the oil producing areas alone? The Constitution from 1960 till after the civil war up till 1978 gave the right of ownership to the federal government but the proceeds were shared between the federal government and the regions or states on the basis of derivation like the agricultural crops. 4) Federation Account and the Derivation Fund It is important to define what constitutes the Federation Account – to which the various vertical revenue allocation formulae have been applied and what should be directly financed from it. Up to 1990, the amount accruing yearly to the Federation Account was still over 96% of totally federally collected revenue; but since 1991, when it first dropped to about 75% and nose-dived to around 35% by 1997, it showed no sign of recovery (Olowononi, 1999). It is therefore clear, that in such a situation, whatever the vertical formula applicable, there must still be a serious fiscal imbalance between the ederal government and the two lower tiers of government. It is crucial to redress this revenue imbalance in the spirit of balanced true federalism. What appears to account for this imbalance is the assertion of the self-claimed right by the federal government to finance various first-line charges from the Federation Account before the application of the vertical formula. The first-line charges include funding for external debt service, national priority projects, NNPC priority projects, special reserve account, and excess proceeds of the crude oil sales account, and in addition, the joint venture cash calls account. These deductions are made from the proceeds of crude oil sales before the derivation fund in the Federation Account is arrived at, and after which further deductions for special funds and the funding of the federal capital territory are made. It will seem more logical, with the exception of the joint venture case calls, that these various charges which are federal government obligations be financed solely from the federal government’s revenue proper, that is, from its share of the Federation Account or from its revenue from other sources. Therefore, in order to determine what constitutes the derivation fund, resolving the issue of the Federation Account is crucial. Thereafter, the derivation formula to be utilized can be arrived at. 5) Oil – Producing Areas and the Derivation Principle The crude oil production has been the most important economic activity in the Nigerian economy since the early 1970s is not subject to debate. Its impact is not limited to its contributing almost 90% of Nigeria’s total foreign exchange earnings but also to the fact that the national budgets are predicated on the expected annual production and price of crude oil.

Market Orientation and Product Orientation free essay sample

Market Orientation and Product Orientation This is an important distinction. Most businesses would today describe themselves as being market oriented or market led. This approach requires market research and market analysis to indicate present and future consumer demand. The consumer is put first the business attempts to produce what consumers want rather than try to sell them a product they may not really want to buy. It has advantages, especially in fast-changing, volatile consumer markets. In these cases, increasing consumer awareness of competitors products, prices and image can esult in significant fluctuations in popularity of goods and services. The benefits of market orientation are threefold: The chances of newly developed products failing in the market are much reduced but not eliminated if effective market research has been undertaken first. With the huge cost of developing new products, such as cars or computers, this is a convincing argument for most businesses to use the market-oriented approach. We will write a custom essay sample on Market Orientation and Product Orientation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page If consumer needs are being met with appropriate products, then they are likely to survive longer and make higher profits than those that are being sold following a roduct-led approach. Constant feedback from consumers market research never actually ends will allow the product and how it is marketed to be adapted to changing tastes before it is too late and before competitors get there first. The days of traditional product-oriented businesses, which assume there will always be a market for the products they make, are fast disappearing. However, product-led marketing still exists to an extent and the following instances help to explain why: Product-oriented businesses invent and develop products in the belief that they will find consumers to purchase them. The development of the WAP mobile phone was driven more by technical innovation than by consumer needs consumers were not aware that such versatile products were likely to be made available until the basic concept had been invented and developed into an innovative new product. Pure research in this form is rare but still exists, for example in pharmaceutical and electronic industries. Here there is still the belief that if they produce an innovative product of a good enough quality, then it will be purchased. Product-oriented businesses concentrate their efforts on efficiently producing high- uality goods. They believe quality will be valued above market fashion. Such quality- driven firms do still exist, especially in product areas where quality or safety is of great importance, such as bottled-water plants or the manufacture of crash helmets. attempts to respond to every passing consumer trend or market fashion, then it may well overstretch its resources and end up not doing anything particularly well. Trying to offer choice and range so that every consumer need is met can be expensive. References: http://classofl . com/homework-help/earth-science-homework-help/